On Philosophy, History, and Literature (CW 51)

On Philosophy, History, and Literature: Lectures at the Worker Education School and the Independent College, Berlin, 1901–1905

Author’s summary and summaries of 34 lectures, 1901–1905;
with reports on Rudolf Steiner’s activity in the “Giordano Bruno Association,” 1902 (CW 51)

“Steiner’s approach was at first a surprise for the students, who had been schooled in Marxist thought and tended to view all spiritual matters as ‘byproducts’ of material, economic processes. For them, it was questionable whether the spiritual striving of individual human beings could really be a driving force in history. Steiner knew the soul disposition of his students and the ‘inexpressibly tragic situation’ that the proletariat’s intense desire for knowledge had so far been ‘satisfied only through the grossest form of materialism.’ But the materialistic ideas that had been absorbed by the workers from popular scientific literature and from Marxist writings contained ‘partial truths.’” (introduction)

Wide-ranging, illuminating, and entirely unique in Rudolf Steiner’s Collected Works, this volume consists of lectures given at the Worker Education School and at the Independent College in Berlin (along with a lengthy appendix on Steiner’s activity in the Giordano Bruno Association). Concerning his teaching activities in the Worker School, Steiner later reflected in his autobiography, “I had to find a completely different way of expressing myself than I had become used to until then” (p. 193). This was due largely to his students’ working-class background. Steiner’s new approach involved allowing “idealism to arise from materialism.” The result was the foundation for what he called “historical symptomatology”—that is, the study of the deeper causes behind history through their symptomatic expression in concrete historical events. This volume is therefore an exceptional resource for anyone interested in Steiner’s approach to history.

Steiner’s lectures at the Independent College, which form part two of the volume, are concerned, on the one hand, with the philosophies of the medieval and early modern mystics—forming a companion to his book Mystics after Modernism (CW 7)—and, on the other, with the remarkable figure of Friedrich Schiller. Speaking on the occasion of the centenary of Schiller’s death, Steiner’s lectures are a brilliant homage to the great thinker and dramatist, brimming with insights into this extraordinary individual and the significance of his contributions for our time.

The appendix contains unique documents outlining Steiner’s work in the Giordano Bruno Association for a Unified Worldview. The lively exchange of ideas and Steiner’s unique role within the Association are evident in the selected lectures and discussions.

This book is a must-read for both long-time students of Steiner’s work and newcomers seeking a fresh, enlivened, and enlivening approach to philosophy, history, and literature.

On Philosophy, History, and Literature is a translation from German of Über Philosophie, Geschichte, und Literatur. Darstellungen an der Arbeiterbildungsschule und der Freien Hochschule in Berlin, Zusammenstellung edition, Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach, 1983 (GA 51).

About the Author

Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) was born in the small village of Kraljevec, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now in Croatia), where he grew up. As a young man, he lived in Weimar and Berlin, where he became a well-published scientific, literary, and philosophical scholar, known especially for his work with Goethe’s scientific writings. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he began to develop his early philosophical principles into an approach to systematic research into psychological and spiritual phenomena. Formally beginning his spiritual teaching career under the auspices of the Theosophical Society, Steiner came to use the term Anthroposophy (and spiritual science) for his philosophy, spiritual research, and findings. The influence of Steiner’s multifaceted genius has led to innovative and holistic approaches in medicine, various therapies, philosophy, religious renewal, Waldorf education, education for special needs, threefold economics, biodynamic agriculture, Goethean science, architecture, and the arts of drama, speech, and eurythmy. In 1924, Rudolf Steiner founded the General Anthroposophical Society, which today has branches throughout the world. He died in Dornach, Switzerland.